Nevada Test Site

Amerikansk  atomvåben  forsøgsområde i delstaten med samme navn, herunder Tonopah Test Range med Area 11, Plutonium Valley og Yucca Mountain Underground Laboratory.
American nuclear test area in the state with the same name, including Tonopah Test Range and Yucca Mountain Underground Laboratory.
Kendte atomvåbenforsøg i Nevada
/ Known nuclear test in Nevada
/ Essai nucléaire connue dans le Nevada
/ Ensayo nuclear conocido en Nevada
/ Bekannte Atomwaffentest in Nevada
  1. Operation Ranger, 1951
  2. Operation Buster-Jangle, 1951
  3. Operation Tumbler-Snapper, 1952
  4. Operation Upshot-Knothole, 1953
  5. Operation Teapot, 1955
  6. Operation Project 56, 1955
  7. Operation Plumbbob, 1957
  8. Operation Project 57, 1957
  9. Operation Project 58, 1957
  10. Operation Plowshare, 1957–1973
  11. Operation Project 58A, 1958
  12. Operation Hardtack II, 1958
  13. Operation Nougat, 1961–1962
  14. Operation Sunbeam, 1962 eller Operation Dominic II
  15. Operation Storax, 1962–1963
  16. Operation Little Feller 1962
  17. Operation Niblick, 1963–1964
  18. Operation Whetstone, 1964–1965
  19. Operation Flintlock, 1965–1966
  20. Operation Latchkey, 1966–1967
  21. Operation Crosstie, 1967–1968
  22. Operation Bowline, 1968–1969
  23. Operation Mandrel, 1969–1970
  24. Operation Emery, 1970–1971
  25. Operation Grommet, 1971–1972
  26. Operation Toggle, 1972–1973
  27. Operation Arbor, 1973–1974
  28. Operation Bedrock, 1974–1975
  29. Operation Anvil, 1975–1976
  30. Operation Fulcrum, 1976–1977
  31. Operation Cresset, 1977–1978
  32. Operation Quicksilver, 1978–1979
  33. Operation Tinderbox, 1979–1980
  34. Operation Guardian, 1980–1981
  35. Operation Praetorian, 1981–1982
  36. Operation Phalanx, 1982–1983
  37. Operation Fusileer, 1983–1984
  38. Operation Grenadier, 1984–1985
  39. Operation Charioteer, 1985–1986
  40. Operation Musketeer, 1986–1987
  41. Operation Touchstone, 1987–1988
  42. Operation Cornerstone, 1988–1989
  43. Operation Aqueduct, 1989–1990
  44. Operation Sculpin, 1990–1991
  45. Operation Julin, 1991–1992
Se også: Aberdeen Proving Ground ; Air Force Flight Test Center ; atomvåbenuheld ; Device Assembly Facility ; Dugway Proving Ground ; G-Tunnel ; Hot Creek Valley, Nevada ; Indian Springs Air Force Base, 1952-. ; jod ; Joint Actinide Shock Physics Experimental Research ; Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake ; Nevada Test Site’s Big Explosive Experimental Facility (BEEF) ; Pacific Engineering and Production Company of Nevada (PEPCON) ; radioaktivitet ; Radiological/Nuclear Countermeasures Test & Evaluation Complex ; U1a Underground Lab Complex ; Underground Test Readiness.
Miljøforurening
/ Contamination, environmental pollution
Barium ; beryllium ; cerium ; cæsium ; jod ; krypton ; lanthanum ; molybdæn ; neptunium ; niobium ; plutonium ; polonium ; radioaktivitet ; ruthenium ; strontium-90 ; tellur ; tritium ; uran ; xenon ; zirkonium.
Se tillige: Amchitka ; Bikini ; Forsøgsområdet i Stillehavet ; Forsøgsområdet Salmon.

Litteratur

 More than 30 nuclear experts inhale uranium after radiation alarms at a weapons site are switched off : Most were not told about it until months later, and other mishaps at the Nevada nuclear test site followed. / : Patrick Malone, Peter Cary, R. Jeffrey Smith. Center for Public Integrity, June 27, 2017.
- https://apps.publicintegrity.org/nuclear-negligence/inhaled-uranium/
In April and May 2014, an elite group of 97 nuclear researchers from as far away as the U.K. gathered in a remote corner of Nye County, Nev., at the historic site where the U.S. had exploded hundreds of its nuclear weapons. With nuclear bomb testing ended, the scientists were using a device they called Godiva at the National Criticality Experiments Research Center to test nuclear pulses on a smaller and supposedly safe scale.

Ecology of the Nevada Test Site : an annotated bibliography : with narrative summary, keyword index, and species lists / compiled by Cathy A. Wills and W. Kent Ostler (Bechtel Nevada, Ecological Services) ; prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration, Nevada Operations Office, Environment, Safety, and Health Division, 2001.
- http://nnsa.energy.gov/sites/default/files/nv_sweis/appendixF/Wills%20and%20Ostler%202001.pdf
Annual Site Environmental Report: Tonopah Test Range, Nevada and Kauai Test Facility, Hawaii, 2011. Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 2012.
- http://www.sandia.gov/news/publications/environmental_reports/
Making History And Building A Future In The Nevada Desert
By Brian Terrell, April 2015.
- http://www.countercurrents.org/terrell220415.htm
The protests at the Nevada Test Site have appropriately been recognized for their historical significance. Perhaps one day tourists to Nevada will leave the casinos for a time to visit Peace Camp as a place of celebration and hope, where humanity turned from its path of destruction. On that day, the Nevada National Security Site, restored and returned to the sovereignty of the Western Shoshone Nation, will be a monument of regret for crimes perpetrated there against the earth and its creatures. This time has not yet come. What will be regarded as the history of the Peace Camp and Test Site, not to mention the history of this planet, is still being written as we walk and as we act.
United States Geologic Survey / Dennis N. Grasso: Nevada Test Site: Geologic Surface Effects of Underground Nuclear Testing: Buckboard Mesa, Climax Stock, Dome Mountain, Frenchman Flat, Rainier/Aqueduct Mesa, and Shoshone Mountain, Nevada Test Site, Nevada, 2003.
Department of Energy: Atmospheric Nuclear Weapons Testing 1951-1963 : Battlefield of the Cold War. / : Terrence R. Fehner & F. G. Gosling. Office of History and Heritage Resources ; The Nevada Test Site Volume I) 2006.
'Atmospheric Nuclear Weapons Testing, Volume I of Battlefield of the Cold War: The Nevada Test Site, was written in conjunction with the opening of the Atomic Testing Museum in Las Vegas, Nevada. The museum with its state-of-the-art facility is the culmination of a unique cooperative effort among cross-governmental, community, and private sector partners. The initial impetus was provided by the Nevada Test Site Historical Foundation, a group primarily consisting of former U.S. Department of Energy and Nevada Test Site federal and contractor employees. The foundation worked with the Department’s National Nuclear Security Administration, the State of Nevada, and a local non-profit, the Desert Research Institute, to bring to fruition a mixed-use, public outreach facility that benefi ts all concerned parties. The facility houses the museum, the Department's public reading room and Nuclear Testing Archive, and offi ce space utilized partially for cultural resources/historic preservation activities at the Nevada Test Site.'
Department of Energy: Declassification of the Number of Devices and Amount of Plutonium in Nuclear Tests: United States Nuclear Tests With Unannounced Simultaneous Detonations, 1994.
- https://www.osti.gov/opennet/forms.jsp?formurl=document/press/pc25tab1.html
Department of Energy: Radiological Effluents Released from U.S. Continental Tests, 1961 Through 1992. / C R Schoengold, M E DeMarre, E M Kirkwood. 1996.
- http://www.nv.doe.gov/library/publications/historical/DOENV_317.pdf
Hacker, Barton C.: Elements of controversy: the Atomic Energy Commission and radiation safety in nuclear weapons testing, 1947-1974. University of California Press, 1994 - 614 pp.
Historical Estimates Of External Gamma Exposure And Population External Gamma Exposure From Testing At The Nevada Test Site. Part 1, Test Series Through Hardtack 2, 1958 / Anspaugh, Lynn R; Church, B W.; Ucrl-87380; 1984. - 39 s.
National Cancer Institute: Estimated Exposures and Thyroid Doses Received by the American People from Iodine-131 in Fallout Following Nevada Atmospheric Nuclear Bomb Tests (the Fallout Report, 1997).
- http://www.cancer.gov/i131/fallout/index.html
Nevada Test Site – Site Description. ORAU TEAM Dose Reconstruction Project for NIOSH. 2008. - 99 s.
- http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/tbd/nts2-r1-p1.pdf
NNSA Nevada Site Office: NSO Historical Test Films. - http://www.nv.doe.gov/library/films/FilmsLibrary/Forms/AllItems.aspx
NNSS Soils Monitoring: Plutonium Valley (CAU 366). / : prepared by Julianne J. Miller, Steve A. Mizell, George Nikolich, and Scott Campbell. Desert Research Institute- Publication No. 45241 submitted to Nevada Site Office. National Nuclear Security Administration U.S. Department of Energy. Las Vegas, Nevada. February 2012.
- http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1046465
Nuclear Weapons Testing at the Nevada Test Site: The First Decade. / John C. Hopkins and Barbara Killian. Defense Threat Reduction Agency, 2011. - 662 s.
- http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a552638.pdf
'We embarked on this project for several reasons, all centered on our fascination with the history of nuclear weapons testing and our interest in making more of the details of these complex operations available to the general public. We focused largely on the people. We have enormous respect and admiration for those who devoted major parts of their lives to the development and understanding of nuclear weapons.'
Safety Experiments November 1955 - March 1958 : United States Atmospheric Nuclear Weapons Tests, Nuclear Test Personnel Review. Prepared by the Defense Nuclear Agency, 1982.- 82 s.
United States Nuclear Tests, July 1945 through September 1992.
U.S. Department of Energy Nevada Operations Office, DOE/NV--209-REV 15, December 2000.


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