American Peace Society

☮ Den amerikanske fredsforening. Verdens første fredsbevægelse grundlagt 8. maj 1828 af William Ladd med flere i Boston, Massachusetts ved en sammenlægning af fredsgrupperne i Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts og New York.
I 1832 talte slaveeejren Thomas S. Grimké (1786-1834) ved et møde i the Connecticut Peace Society, hvori han udtrykte, at 'alle former for krige er i modstrid med kristne principper. Selv i den amerikanske frihedskrig var det forkert og mod kristendommen at anvende vold'.
I 1841 publicerede præsten Sylvester Judd fra Maine The Moral Evils of Our Revolutionary War: Fakta er, at 'selv John Adams indrømmede, at den virkelige amerikanske revolution fandt sted mellem 1760 og 1775 og var ikkevoldelig, men den blev efterfulgt af den voldelige frihedskrig'. I 1836 publicerede Bowdoin professor Thomas Upham (1799-1872) en “ Manual of Peace” / Fredshåndbog. Samme år 'blev den amerikanske fredsforening holdt levende ved en tale turne af den nidkære præst Henry C. Wright'. I 1837 overbeviste han og William Lloyd Garrison, Ladd til at gennemføre en ændring af vedtægterne som tydeliggjorde, at the American Peace Society var “grundlagt på princippet om, at krig er i modstrid med ånden i evangelierne”.
Dette førte til, at moderate medlemmer i foreningen, som vicepræsidenten Dr. William Allen, trak sig ud af den, fordi de var imod de radikale ikkevoldstilhængere og støttede “defensive“ krige.
The American Peace Society svækkes af dels en diskussion om holdningen til dødsstraf som fører til, at Elihu Burritt forlader foreningen i 1846 og dels en økonomisk krise i begyndelsen af 1850'erne. Desuden ramems The American Peace Society hårdt af borgerkrigen i USA. Foreningens meget socialt aktive og konservative medlemmer deltager i borgerkrigen på Nordstaternes side pga muligheden for slavernes frigørelse.
I 1892 blver Benjamin Franklin Trueblood leder af the American Peace Society, hvilket han er frem til 1915. I den periode er han en en af de få fuldtidsansatte fredsarbejdere i USA. Han øger antallet af medlemmer i foreningen fra 400 til næsten 8.000, og øger antallet af abonnementer på tidsskriftet Advocate of Peace til 9.500. Presset af den amerikanske militarisme under første verdenskrig anbefales medlemmerne af the American Peace Society til at købe krigsobligationer, samt ser med skepsis på militærnægterne.
Organisationens aktiviteter under verdenskrigen er bl.a. beskrevet af Lusk udvalget.
Blandt aktive i the American Peace Society var: Jane Addams, Joshua L. Baily, Richard Bartholdt, George Beckwith, Alice Stone Blackwell, Theodore E. Burton, Joshua Pollard Blanchard, Arthur Deerin Call, John H. De Forest, Edwin Ginn, James J. Hall. The American Peace Society udgav bl.a. tidsskriftet Advocate of Peace, 1823-1932? 1929 . Arkiver: 1828-1928, The Library of Congress Manuscript Division ; Swarthmore College Peace Collection.

Litteratur

Allen, Devere: The Fight for Peace. - New York : The Macmillan Company, 1930. - 740 s.
The "great war" and international law (1921).
http://www.archive.org/details/greatwarinternat00rootrich
A Coercive League Contrary to the Teachings of American History (1920).
http://www.archive.org/details/acoerciveleague00socigoog
The war for peace; the present war as viewed by friends of peace.Comp. by Arthur D. Call, Secretary of the American Peace Society ... Pub. by the Committee on Public Information, Washington, D.C. (1918).
http://www.archive.org/details/warforpeacethepr00call
The purposes and ideals of the Mexican revolution : addresses delivered at a joint session of the American Academy of Political and Social Science and the Pennsylvania Arbitration and Peace Society, held on Friday evening, November 10, 1916 (1917).
http://www.archive.org/details/purposesidealsof00amerrich
Peace through justice; three papers on international justice and the means of attaining it (1917).
http://www.archive.org/details/peacethroughjus00socigoog
War with Japan? (1916).
http://www.archive.org/details/warwithjapan00greegoog
A Primer of the Peace Movement (1915).
http://www.archive.org/details/aprimerpeacemov00meadgoog
Trueblood, Lyra D.: How the Eighteenth of May Came to Be Observed as Peace Day.
- Washington: American Peace Society, 1915. - 12 pp.
Proceedings of international conference under the auspices of American society for judicial settlement of international disputes, December, 15-17, 1910, Washington, D. C ([1911]).
http://www.archive.org/details/proceedingsofint00ameriala
The conditions of peace bewteen the East and the West (1908).
http://www.archive.org/details/conditionsofpeac00defo
The teaching of history in the public schools with reference to war and peace (1906).
http://www.archive.org/details/teachingofhistor00amer
William Penn's Holy Experiment in Civil Government (1906).
http://www.archive.org/details/williampennshol00truegoog
Paper on a Regular International Advisory Congress (1903).
http://www.archive.org/details/paperonaregular00truegoog
The moral damage of war to the school child (190-?).
http://www.archive.org/details/moraldamageofwar00walsrich
The Nation's Responsibility for Peace: Address Delivered at the New England ... (1899).
http://www.archive.org/details/nationsresponsi00truegoog
The United States and International Arbitration (1896).
http://www.archive.org/details/unitedstatesand00moorgoog
The coming peace. Oration delivered before the City council and citizens of Boston, on the one hundred and fifteenth anniversary of the Declaration of independence, July 4, 1891 (1891).
http://www.archive.org/details/comingpeace00quinrich
Tracts on Peace and Progress ... (1872).
http://www.archive.org/details/tractsonpeacean00weedgoog
War-system of the commonwealth of nations: an address (1870).
http://www.archive.org/details/warsystemofcommo00sumnrich
The True Christian Patriot, a Discourse on the Virtues and Public Services ... (1860).
http://www.archive.org/details/truechristianpa00cheegoog
The war system of the commonwealth of nations : an address before the American Peace Society, at its anniversary in Boston, May 28, 1849 (1854).
http://www.archive.org/details/warsystemcommon00sumngoog
The War with Mexico Reviewed (1850).
http://www.archive.org/details/warwithmexicore00livegoog
The true grandeur of nations: an oration delivered before the authorities of the city of Boston, July 4, 1845 (1846).
http://www.archive.org/details/truegrandeurofna01sumn
An address delivered before the American Peace Society at its annual meeting, May 26, 1845 (1845).
http://www.archive.org/details/addressdelivered00jayw
The Book of Peace: A Collection of Essays on War and Peace (1845).
http://www.archive.org/details/bookpeaceacolle02socigoog
Thoughts on peace and war (1844).
http://www.archive.org/details/thoughtsonpeacew00chan
Prize essays on a Congress of nations, for the adjustment of international disputes, and for the promotion of universal peace without resort to arms. Together with a sixth essay, comprising the substance of the rejected essays (1840).
http://www.archive.org/details/prizeessaysoncon00amer
The Doom of War (1828).
http://www.archive.org/details/doomwar00socigoog

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