Joint Defense Facility at Pine Gap

⚔ Den Fælles forsvarsfacilitet i Pine Gap. Amerikansk, australsk efterretningssbase i Australien oprettet i 1970 under den første del af den kolde krig.
Fra 2003 del af USAs raketskjold, rumimperialisme. 'As noted in the Pine Gap Treaty (Australian Treaty Series 1966 No. 17, amended by Australian Treaty Series 1988 No. 36), the cooperating partners at the Joint Defence Facility are the Australian Department of Defence and the US Department of Defense. Details of the specific agencies involved are classified'.
'The contractor companies at the Joint Defence Facility Pine Gap are: Compaq, Australia (Australian registered, wholly-owned subsidiary of Compaq US), Raytheon (US), TRW (US), and Boeing Constructors Inc (US). There are 26 satellite antennas located at the Joint Defence Facility, 14 of which have environmental covers.'
The US Defence Support Program ' is the U.S. military's early warning system for the detection of long range ballistic missile launches and nuclear detonations. The system uses a constellation of geosynchronous DSP satellites to provide continual coverage. Initially begun in 1970, over 19 (?) DSP satellites have been launched. The satellite bus and instrument payload have been improved over the years resulting in 3 different DSP variants. DSP satellites were used during the Persian Gulf War to detect Iraqi Scud missile launches. The DSP system is controlled from Scott AFB, Missouri, with stations at Guam Island, Pine Gap, Australia, and Nurrangar, Australia. Another issue (and one that resonated well in Australia) was the secrecy surrounding the project. Gough Whitlam, the head of the labor party, raised this point in parliament, asserting that while it was right for Australia to cooperate with the united States, it was wrong for the Australian government to withhold information on the project from parliament and the public', Societal impact of Spaceflight s. 379-380 - http://history.nasa.gov/sp4801-part1.pdf.
A key element of the DSP system has been the ground stations used to control the satellites and receive the data they collect. Control over and processing of data from the first satellite stationed over Eurasia and its successors was the responsibility of the Overseas Ground Station (OGS) at Nurrungar, in the Australian Outback-the source of much political controversy. A second ground station at Buckley AFB in Colorado, the CONUS Ground Station (CGS), would control the Atlantic and Pacific satellites. Later on, to control the European satellite, the European Ground Station (EGS) was established at Kapaun, Germany. In addition to the large processing stations, a number of mobile ground terminals were built to allow DSP data to be received in the event of the destruction of any of the fixed stations. In addition, Joint Tactical Ground Stations (JTaGS) were deployed to Europe and Asia as part of the SLOW WALKER program. In 2000, the OGS and EGS were closed down, while relay stations were established at Pine Gap, Australia and Menwith Hill, United Kingdom to send the data back to CGS for processing. Space-Based Early Warning: From MIDAS to DSP to SBIRS: Last DSP satellite to be launched tomorrow National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 235 Edited by Jeffrey Richelson. Posted - November 9, 2007. - http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB235/index.htm#doc28
'In 1978, President Jimmy Carter acknowledged that the U.S. employed reconnaissance satellites to collect imagery of foreign targets. Early in 1995, President Clinton declassified details concerning early satellite imagery programs such as CORONA. However, even the existence of SIGINT satellites remained classified until late 1995 when Director of Central Intelligence John Deutch authorized the official acknowledgement of space-based SIGINT operations. The process involved soliciting the opinions of U.S. government departments whose interests might be affected by disclosure. The State Department's memo expressed concern about the impact in certain countries. Despite the deletions, it is clear that the department was anxious about the impact in the foreign countries where the U.S. operates ground stations for SIGINT satellites—the United Kingdom (at Menwith Hill), Germany (at Bad Aibling), and Australia (at Pine Gap). The memo also indicates that the proposal for declassification emanated from the National Reconnaissance Office. ' The National Security Agency Declassified:Internet wiretapping mixes "protected" and targeted messages, Info Age requires rethinking 4th Amendment limits and policies. National Security Agency told Bush administration "Transition 2001" report released through FOIA, Highlights collection of declassified NSA documents Posted on Web by the National Security Archive. National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 24. / Edited by Jeffrey Richelson Originally Posted - January 13, 2000. Updated - March 11, 2005.
- http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB24/index.htm
Se også: Amerikanske efterretningstjenester ; Australien: Efterretningstjenester ; New Zealand: Efterretningstjenester Storbritannien: Efterretningstjenester.

Litteratur

Australian Treaty Series 1966 No 17: Department of External Affairs, Canberra: Agreement between the Government of the Commonwealth of Australia and the Government of the United States of America relating to the Establishment of a Joint Defence Space Research Facility [Pine Gap, NT] (Canberra, 9 December 1966) Entry into force: 9 December 1966. Australian Treaty Series 1966 No. 17. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
- http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/dfat/treaties/1966/17.html
Ball, Desmond : Pine Gab : Australia and the US geostationary signals intelligence satellite program. - Sydney : Allen & Unwin, 1888. - 121 s. : ill. - ISBN 0-04-303002-5.
Testimony of Professor Desmond Ball to the Joint Standing Committee On Treaties, Reference: Pine Gap, Official Committee Hansard, Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, 9 August 1999, pp 1-16. I: Report 26: An Agreement to extend the period of operation of the Joint Defence Facility at Pine Gap. Joint Standing Committee on Treaties October 1999. - 41 s.
Submission to the Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade (Defence Subcommittee) Inquiry into Australia's Defence Relations with the United States. Peter Jennings discusses Australia's Defence Relations with the United States and in particular draws attention to both Australia's and America's public understanding of the relationship. Submission No 11 to the Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade (Defence Subcommittee), Inquiry into Australia's Defence Relations with the United States, March 2004

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