fugle / birds

En klasse af hvirveldyrsrækken, kendetegnet ved varmt blod, fjer og vinger.
Hvirveldyr, pattedyr, er dyr med ryghvirvler. Ryghvirvler er de knogler, som rygraden er dannet af, samt et akseskelet af brusk, ben eller forbenet brusk. Fugle er også dyr, der er beklædt med fjer, eksempelvis fjerkræ.
De lægger æg, ånder med lunger, og deres forlemmer er omdannet til vinger.
Der er to slags fugle: 1) Dem, der kan flyve og 2) Dem, der ikke kan. En anden opdeling af fuglearter er 1) fugle med svømmefødder: svømmefugle og 2) dem, uden svømmefødder.
Fuglene udgør klassen Aves.
Sangfugle og trækfugle er ifølge dyrebeskyyttelseslovgivning, fredet året rundt.
Fugle kendes siden forhistorisk tid.
Ornitologi / Ornithology er den del af zoologien, der beskæftiger sig med studiet af fugle. Fugle kan være ringmærkede af en ringmærker.
Alle fugle påvirkes positivt og negativt af deres miljø, det klima de lever i og vejret, herunder også miljøforurening og klimaforandringer:
Nearly two-thirds of birds are vulnerable to climate change Climate change mitigation will reduce vulnerability for 76% of birds Our report found that 64% of species (389 of 604) across breeding and non-breeding seasons were moderately or highly vulnerable to climate change. However, climate change vulnerability was not evenly distributed across habitats. Across seasons and scenarios, 100% of Arctic bird species (16/16), followed by 98% of boreal forest birds (47/48), 86% of western forest birds (63/73), and 78% of waterbirds (66/85) were vulnerable to climate change. Habitat groups with intermediate vulnerability included subtropical forests (71%, 25/35), grasslands (69%, 27/39), eastern forests (59%, 41/69), and coastal areas (57%, 30/53). Habitat groups with lower vulnerability included aridlands (45%, 31/69), marshlands (41%, 25/61), urban/suburban areas (38%, 3/8), and generalists (31%, 15/48). However, even in the lowvulnerability groups, more than a quarter of the species were considered climate-vulnerable.
Wilsey, C, B Bateman, L Taylor, JX Wu, G LeBaron, R Shepherd, C Koseff, S Friedman, R Stone. Survival by Degrees: 389 Bird Species on the Brink. National Audubon Society: New York, 2019.
Se også: BirdLife International ; Dansk Ornitologisk Forening ; habitat ; jagt ; liggetid ; fredsdue ; nyttedyr ; oologi ; rovfugle ; spurve.

Litteratur

Audubon, the naturalist; a history of his life and time I-II. / : Francis Hobart Herrick, 1917.
- https://archive.org/details/audubonnaturalis01herr , og
- https://archive.org/details/audubonnaturalis00herr
List of fauna publications relating to North American bibliography. 1878. (From Miscellaneous publications of the U.S. Geological Survey, no. 11) -- Second installment of American ornithological bibliography. (From Bulletin of the U.S. Geological and Geographical Survey, v. 5, no. 2) -- Third installment of American ornithological bibliography. 1880. (From Bulletin of the U.S. Geological & Geographical Survey of the Territories, v. 5, no. 4) -- Fourth installment of ornithological bibliography. 1880. (From Proceedings of the United States National Museum, v. 2 (1879)).
Ornithological bibliography. / : Elliott Coues.
- https://archive.org/details/ornithologicalbi23coue
The Birds of Europe. / : John Gould.
- London: Printed by R. and J.E. Taylor, pub. by the author, 1837.
- https://archive.org/details/birdsEuropeIGoul
BirdLife International (2004) Birds in the European Union: a status assessment.
- Wageningen, The Netherlands: BirdLife International.
- https://www.lpo.fr/images/liste_rouge_europeene/birds_in__the_eu.pdf
BirdLife International (2015) European Red List of Birds.
- Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
- http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/species/redlist/downloads/European_birds.pdf
Conservation and Recovery of Threatened Birds in the EU. / : Boris Barov.
- Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union 2011.
- http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/docs/conservation_threatened_birds.pdf
Elsk din sommerfugl: Hvert år pendler millioner af amerikanske monarksommerfugle mellem Mexico og Canada for at finde ly om vinteren og silkeplanter at leve af om sommeren. Det har de gjort i millioner af år, men nu truer sprøjtegifte, klimaændringer og skovrydning dette enestående og betagende evolutionære mirakel. / : Jørgen Steen Nielsen. I: Informations Moderne Tider, 16. Januar 2016.
Farmland Birds across the World. / : Edited byWouter van der Weijden, Paul Terwan, Adriaan Guldemond - Barcelona : Lynx Edicions, 2010.
Fuglenes verden / The life of birds I-V. / : David Attenborough.
BBC 1998 ; Universal Pictures (Denmark) 2005.
- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=ELaYy3a60ZYJo
Heldbjerg, H., Lerche-Jørgensen, M. & Jørgensen, M.F. (2013): Overvågning af de almindelige fuglearter i Danmark 1975-2012.
Årsrapport for Punkttællingsprojektet. Dansk Ornitologisk Forening.
'Denne rapport beskriver bestandsudviklingen for de almindelige danske ynglefugle og vinterfugle i form af indeks baseret på punkttællingsdata fra en 37-årig periode, for vinterfuglene dækkende 1975/76-2010/12 og for ynglefuglene 1976-2012. Rapporten beskriver bestandsudviklingen for 106 arter af ynglefugle og 78 arter af vinterfugle og tillige fire arter pattedyr i begge sæsoner.'
Report from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament.
The State of Nature in the European Union: Report on the status of and trends for habitat types and species covered by the Birds and Habitats Directives for the 2007-2012 period as required under Article 17 of the Habitats Directive and Article 12 of the Birds Directive, 2015.
- https://www.kowi.de/Portaldata/2/Resources/horizon2020/coop/2015-COM-Report-Bird-Habitat-Directive.pdf
Sangfuglenes evolution og biogeografi. / : Knud Andreas Jønsson.
Dansk Naturhistorisk Forenings Årsskrift nr. 18 – 2007/2008
- http://snm.ku.dk/dnf/aarsskrift/2007-2008/sangfuglenes_evolution.pdf
US Fish and Wildlife Service : Migratory Birds Programs.
- http://www.fws.gov/migratorybirds/AboutUS.html
World Checklist of Threatened Birds. / : Joint Nature Conservation Committee, 1993.
- https://archive.org/details/worldchecklistof93jncc


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