Det danske Fredsakademi
Kronologi over fredssagen og international politik 6. november 2006 / Timeline November 6, 2006
Version 3.55. November 2006, 7. November 2006
11/06/2012
FN's internationale
dag mod ødelæggelse af miljøet i krig og
under væbnede konflikter, siden 2001.
11/06/2012
UN International Day for Preventing the Exploitation of the
Environment in War and Armed Conflict, since 2001.
Literature: Protecting the Environment During Armed
Conflict: An Inventory and Analysis of International Law. / :
Elizabeth Maruma Mrema et al. - New York : United Nations
Environment Programme ; the Environmental Law Institute, 2009. - 88
s. - ISBN: 978-92-807-3042-5 [Online]
11/06/2006
European Defense Budgets Grow Slowly Despite Overseas
Commitments
Forecast International, Inc.
NEWTOWN, Conn. [Nov. 6, 2006] — Defense spending on the
European Continent is stuck in slow motion as many nations scramble
to pay for operational costs and maintain professional armies,
according to a report by Forecast International. The “Europe
Market Overview” notes that the newer Eastern European
nations are undertaking the reformation of their forces to a
professional NATO Alliance standard, while simultaneously, many
European nations are participating in multiple overseas
peacekeeping missions, ranging from Afghanistan and Lebanon to the
Democratic Republic of Congo.
The principal instrument of collective European defense and
national security is NATO, where each member state is asked to
contribute 2 percent of GDP toward its defense budget. Currently,
very few European NATO members choose to do so, with the United
Kingdom, France, Bulgaria, Greece, and Turkey being the only
members meeting the expected standard. That leaves 19 European NATO
members falling short of the requirement, with Greece and Turkey
achieving the standard largely in anticipation of war with each
other.
According to the Overview, the trend in European defense spending
is unlikely to change, as sizable growth will be substituted with
small, measured, and generally consistent increases. Overall
defense spending on the continent increased 5 percent – from
$237 billion in 2005 to $249 billion – in 2006, but if
Russian spending totals are removed, the increase declines to only
3 percent.
“When Russia is withdrawn from the overall European equation,
defense spending increases are that much less,” said FI
European Defense Analyst Dan Darling. “As it currently stands
among European NATO members, the defense budgets of France and the
United Kingdom equal those of the other 22 European
countries.”
In 2006, only France, Germany, Italy, Russia, and the United
Kingdom spent over $10 billion on defense. By 2010, Forecast
International predicts that the only other European nations that
will reach or exceed that amount will be Spain, Turkey, and the
Netherlands. Total spending on the European Continent is expected
to grow from $249 billion in 2006 to $277 billion by 2010 –
but the bulk of the overall increases will come from France,
Russia, and the U.K.
Future Russian spending increases are predicated on continued
economic growth, derived largely from strong energy proceeds. Funds
will go to the badly needed modernization of outdated equipment.
Russian President Vladimir Putin had stated in the past year that
$8.4 billion was to be allocated for crucial arms systems, which
would be used to canvas the entire Russian armaments inventory
through 2015. Then in May, Russian Defense Minister Sergei Ivanov
proposed a draft state armament program for 2007-2015 to set aside
a staggering $182 billion, with 63 percent of the proposed funds
allocated toward serial arms purchases.
For much of Europe, it is this very area of procurement that is not
adequately addressed. Research and development has also been an
area that has experienced a dearth of funding. The growing worry is
that by failing to address these issues, European nations will be
inadequately equipped to meet future threats or partner with the
United States in substantial combat operations. Already, many
European forces are stretched thin by their overseas missions, not
to mention peacekeeping obligations in Kosovo and
Bosnia-Herzegovina.
“What we have seen in the past out of Europe is a collective
failure of political will by its leaders to meet their own security
needs,” Darling said. “We do believe some changes are
on the horizon, however. It is likely that the smaller NATO and EU
members, such as Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia, will begin pooling
resources and proceeding with joint procurements to address
equipment gaps. More and more, joint procurements will become the
standard model for future European weapons acquisitions. We also
expect individual European countries to increase the procurement
portion of their budgets in the future. Still, other than France
and Britain, overall defense spending in Europe is unlikely to grow
at more than a measured rate for now.”
Forecast International, Inc., is a leading provider of Market
Intelligence and Analysis in the areas of aerospace, defense, power
systems and military electronics. Based in Newtown, Conn., USA,
Forecast International specializes in long-range industry forecasts
and market assessments used by strategic planners, marketing
professionals, military organizations, and governments
worldwide.
11/06/2006
CONTRACTS from the United States Department of Defense
Northrop Grumman Ship Systems, New Orleans, La., is being awarded a
$1,454,286,932 modification under previously awarded contract
(N00024-06-C-2222) to exercise two fixed-price incentive options
for construction of the eighth LPD 17 Class amphibious transport
dock ship (LPD 24), with long lead time materials and associated
labor for the ninth ship of the LPD 17 Class, LPD 25.In addition to
ship production, this effort will include procurement of long lead
material and also inspection, testing, storing and maintaining the
long lead material.The contractor will perform material sourcing,
material ordering, vendor interface and material quality
assurance.The contractor will also provide management efforts,
including subcontract and risk management.Work will be performed in
Pascagoula, Miss. (90 percent) and New Orleans, La. (10 percent),
and is expected to be completed by March 2011.Contract funds will
not expire at the end of the current fiscal year.The Naval Sea
Systems Command, Washington, D.C., is the contracting activity.
General Dynamics, Electric Boat, Corp., Groton, Conn.,is being
awarded a $5,748,078 cost-plus-fixed-fee contract for research and
development to support the Underwater Express program to
demonstrate stable and controllable high-speed underwater transport
through supercavitation.This effort will help determine the
feasibility of supercavitation technology to enable a new class of
high-speed underwater craft for future littoral missions that could
involve the transport of high-value cargo and/or small units of
personnel.This contract contains two options, which if exercised,
would bring the cumulative potential value of this contract to
$37,105,768.Work will be performed in State College, Pa. (37
percent); Groton, Conn.(24 percent); McLean, Va.(14 percent);
Reston, Va. (10 percent); Bethesda, Md. (12 percent); and Newport,
R.I. (3 percent), and is expected to be completed October
2007.Contract funds in the amount of $3,377,441 will expire at the
end of the current fiscal year.This contract is being awarded under
a Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) Broad Area
Announcement (BAA) (No. 06-13), which solicited proposals via the
Federal Business Opportunities website, for advanced research and
development under the provisions of FAR 6.102(d)(2) and FAR 35.In
accordance with the criteria of the BAA, the General Dynamics,
Electric Boat, Corp., proposal was evaluated by DARPA through the
process of peer and scientific review.The Space and Naval Warfare
Systems Center, San Diego, Calif., is the contracting activity
(N66001-07-C-2002).
Northrop Grumman Corporation, Electronic Systems, Annapolis, Md.,is
being awarded a $5,398,125 cost-plus-fixed-fee contract for
research and development to support the Underwater Express program
to demonstrate stable and controllable high-speed underwater
transport through supercavitation. This effort will help determine
the feasibility of supercavitation technology to enable a new class
of high-speed underwater craft for future littoral missions that
could involve the transport of high-value cargo and/or small units
of personnel. This thirteen-month contract includes two,
fifteen-month options; the first option has a potential value of
$17,050,929 and the second option has a potential value of
$23,397,921. The cumulative, potential value of this contract
including both options is $45,846,975. Work will be performed in
Annapolis, Md. (50%); State College, Pa. (42 percent); Sunnyvale,
Calif.(4 percent); College Park, Md.(1 percent); Minneapolis, Minn.
(1 percent); Cambridge, Mass. (1 percent); and Newport, R.I. (1
percent), and the expected completion date is September 2007.
Contract funds in the amount of $2,479,413 will expire at the end
of the current fiscal year.This contract is being awarded under a
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) Broad Area
Announcement (BAA) (No. 06-13), which solicited proposals via the
Federal Business Opportunities website, for advanced research and
development under the provisions of FAR 6.102(d)(2) and FAR 35.In
accordance with the criteria of the BAA, the Northrup Grumman
Corporation, Electronic Systems, proposal was evaluated by DARPA
through the process of peer and scientific review.The Space and
Naval Warfare Systems Center, San Diego, Calif., is the contracting
activity (N66001-07-C-2003).
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