Det danske Fredsakademi
Kronologi over fredssagen og international politik 15. Juni 1917 / Time Line June 15, 1917
Version 3.006/15/1917
Demokrati, USA
Som et led i den amerikanske
mobilisering underskriver præsident Woodrow Wilson loven
om militær værnepligt /
Selective Service, og spionageloven / the Espionage Act, som
skærper straffe fra den amerikanske borgerkrig til op til
tyve års fængsel og bøder på op til 10,000
dollar til personer som hjælper fjenden, forhindrer sessioner
eller opfordrer militært personale til ulydighed / also
declares nonmailable all written material advocating treason,
insurrection, or forcible resistance to the law or the disclosure
of information dealing with national defence. Loven anvendes
også mod fagbevægelsen
og politiske partier.
En anden paragraf i loven bemyndiger general postmesteren til at
erklære: “unmailable all letters, circulars, newspapers,
books, pamphlets, and other materials violating provisions of the
Espionage Act”. Lovene administreres af justitsministeriets
FBI som samarbejder med finansministeriets Secret Service,
hærens Military Intelligence Division, og flådens
Office of Naval Intelligence. Alle radikale grupper
overvåges. Bureau of Translations and Radical Publications
under US Post Office Department analyserer den radikale presse og
postvæsnet forbyder distribution af den. Udenrigsministeriets
Division of Eastern European Affaires efterforsker emigranters
politiske holdninger.
Spionageloven er stadig gældende lov i USA.
Samme dag arresteres
Emma Goldman for overtrædelse af
værnepligtsloven. Samtidig idømmes Rose Pastor Stokes ti
års fængsel for at skrive i et læserbrev til
avisen the Kansas City Star: “No government which is for
the profiteers can also be for the people, and I am for the people
while the government is for the profiteers”. Blandt
arresterede socialistiske pacifister og militærngtere i denne
periode kan nævnes: Victor Berger, John
Brocklesby, Wray Hoffman, William Kantor,
Alfred Loeb, Erling Lunde, Charles Ruthenberg,
Jacob Wortsman, Alfred Wagenknecht og Kate
Richards O’Hare. Victor Berger for udtalelser som:
“Personally, I was against the war before war was declared.
But now since we are in the war, I want to win this war for
democracy. Let us hope we will win the war quickly. The war of the
United States against Germany cannot be justified. The blood of
American boys is being coined into swollen profits for American
plutocrats”.
Kilde: Branson, J. Howard: Why I Am a Conscientious
Objector. 1920?
Kohn, Stephen M.: American Political
Prisoners : Prosecutions under the Espionage and Sedition
Acts. - Westport : Praeger, 1994. - 216 s. - ISBN 0-275-94415-8
[Haves: British Library!]
Lofton, John; The Press as Guardian of the First Amendment.
- Columbia : The University of South Carolina Press, 1980. - ISBN
0-87249-389-X [haves: Universitetsbiblioteket i Oslo!]
Preston Jr., William: Aliens and Disenters : Federal
Supression of Radicals, 1903-1933 . - Cambtidge Mass. : Havard
University Press, 1963. - 352 s. [Haves: Statsbiblioteket].
Schmidt, Regin: Red Scare : FBI and the Origins of
Anticommunism in the United States 1919-43. University of
Copenhagen ; Museum Tusculanum, 2000. - 391 s. - ISBN
87-7289-581-0
Yoder, Anne: Conscientious
Objection/Objectors : WWI, WWII, Vietnam Conflict.
Microfilm releases
US Military Intelligence Reports: Surveillance of Radicals in
the United States, 1917-41.
- Frederick, MD. : University Publications of America, 1984.
 |
 |